OOC:
So let's do this with an example:
Let's say you have 3D in Knowledge/Aliens. If you want to raise your skill by one pip (= +1) you have to expend an amount of character points equal to the number of die you currently have on the skill. In this case this number is three.
If you spend three character point on Knowledge/Aliens your skill is now 3D+1.
If you spend three more character points your skill is 3D+2.
With another three character points you can upgrade your skill to 4D.
In order to get another pip in this skill you have to spend
four character points in order to get 4D +1 because you now have four dice in the skill
So in this case if you want to upgrade your Knowledge/Aliens skill from 3D to 4D you have to spend nine character points in total.
In regard to the second question:
If you want to acquire a new skill you have to somehow learn it in game and you can then upgrade/learn it through character points.
So if you want your character to learn new skills just tell me and I'll try to include that in the game. Some skills may be easier to acquire than others so you may not find a teacher or any other source of knowledge immediatly but I'll do my best do work your plans into the story.
If you have any questions don't hesitate to contact me ;)